When Justice Collides with Immigration Enforcement: The Arrest of Judge Hannah Dugan

On April 25, 2025, a dramatic and unprecedented event unfolded in Wisconsin’s legal system. Circuit Court Judge Hannah Dugan was arrested by federal agents and charged with two felony offenses—obstruction of a federal agency and harboring an individual to prevent arrest. The case has ignited fierce debate across the legal and immigration communities and raises vital questions about the limits of judicial discretion, the reach of immigration enforcement, and the rights of undocumented individuals appearing in local courts.

Background: The Charges Against Judge Dugan

The controversy stems from an incident at the Milwaukee County Courthouse involving an undocumented immigrant, Eduardo Flores-Ruiz, who was appearing on a pending misdemeanor case. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Judge Dugan instructed Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents to consult with the court’s chief judge regarding the validity of their administrative warrant. While agents were diverted, she allegedly allowed Mr. Flores-Ruiz and his attorney to exit the courtroom via a private passage, temporarily helping him avoid detention by ICE​.

ICE later apprehended Flores-Ruiz after a brief pursuit outside the courthouse. Following the incident, Judge Dugan was arrested and now faces up to six years in federal prison. She has been suspended from her judicial duties pending the outcome of the investigation​.

Key Legal Issues: Administrative Warrants and Judicial Independence

This case underscores a core legal tension: ICE frequently relies on administrative warrants, which are not signed by a judge and do not carry the same legal authority as criminal arrest warrants. Under long-standing principles of federalism, state and local courts are not obligated to honor these warrants or assist in federal immigration enforcement actions​.

Supporters of Judge Dugan claim she was safeguarding constitutional principles—particularly due process and judicial independence—by ensuring that her courtroom was not being used as a site for potential civil enforcement without proper authority. Critics argue her actions amounted to interference with a lawful operation, regardless of intent.

The Broader Implications: Immigration Enforcement in State Courthouses

This case reflects the growing friction between immigration enforcement and the daily operations of state courts. It raises serious concerns about how these enforcement activities impact the rights of immigrants, the integrity of judicial proceedings, and the ability of legal professionals to do their work without fear of reprisal.

State courthouses are increasingly becoming flashpoints for immigration enforcement, placing judges, attorneys, and litigants in challenging positions. The lack of clarity and consistency in policy often leads to conflict—and, as seen here, legal consequences.

Our Perspective

At Lehigh Valley Immigration Law LLC, we stand with families and individuals navigating the intersection of the immigration and criminal justice systems. We also support the rights of legal professionals to uphold due process and constitutional protections, even in high-stakes, politically charged situations.

We will continue to monitor this case closely as it develops and provide our clients with the latest insights on how these legal shifts may affect their rights and immigration status.

If you or a loved one is facing a criminal case and has concerns about immigration consequences—or if ICE has become involved in your or your family member’s court proceedings—don’t wait. Contact our office today. Our experienced immigration attorneys are here to provide trusted guidance and protect your rights.